A Common API for Transparent Hybrid Multicast

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SAM Research Group                                          M. Waehlisch
Internet-Draft                                      link-lab & FU Berlin
Intended status: Informational                              T C. Schmidt
Expires: September 9, 2010                                   HAW Hamburg
                                                               S. Venaas
                                                           cisco Systems
                                                           March 8, 2010


             A Common API for Transparent Hybrid Multicast
                   draft-waehlisch-sam-common-api-02

Abstract

   Group communication services are most efficiently implemented on the
   lowest layer available.  However, as the deployment status of
   multicast technologies largely varies throughout the Internet,
   globally operational group solutions are frequently forced to using a
   stable, upper layer protocol controlled by the application itself.
   This document describes a common multicast API that is suitable for
   transparent underlay and overlay communication.  It proposes abstract
   naming and addressing by multicast URIs and discusses mapping
   mechanisms between different namespaces and distribution
   technologies.  Additionally, it describes the application of this API
   for building gateways that interconnect current multicast domains
   throughout the Internet.

Status of this Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted to IETF in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
   Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.




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   This Internet-Draft will expire on September 9, 2010.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
   (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
   publication of this document.  Please review these documents
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   the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
   described in the BSD License.



































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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  3
   2.  Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   3.  Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.1.  Objectives and Reference Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
     3.2.  Group Communication Stack & API  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
     3.3.  Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8
     3.4.  Naming and Addressing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   4.  Hybrid Multicast API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.1.  Abstract Data Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
     4.2.  Send/Receive Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.3.  Socket Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
     4.4.  Service Calls  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   5.  Functional Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.1.  Mapping  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
     5.2.  URI Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   6.  IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   7.  Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   8.  Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   9.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
   Appendix A.  Practical Example of the API  . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   Appendix B.  Deployment Use Cases for Hybrid Multicast . . . . . . 15
     B.1.  DVMRP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     B.2.  PIM-SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
     B.3.  PIM-SSM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
     B.4.  BIDIR-PIM  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   Appendix C.  Change Log  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
   Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17






















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1.  Introduction

   Currently, group application programmers need to make a choice of the
   distribution technology required at runtime.  There is no common
   communication interface that abstracts multicast subscriptions from
   the underlying deployment.  The standard multicast socket options
   [RFC3493], [RFC3678] are bound to an IP version and do not
   distinguish between naming and addressing of multicast identifiers.
   Group communication, however, is commonly implemented in different
   flavors and on different layers (e.g., IP vs. application layer
   multicast), and may be based on different technologies on the same
   tier (e.g., IPv4 vs. IPv6).

   Multicast application development should be decoupled of
   technological deployment throughout the infrastructure.  It requires
   a common multicast API that offers calls to transmit and receive
   multicast data independent of the supporting layer and the underlying
   technological details.  For inter-technology transmissions, a
   consistent view on multicast states is needed, as well.  This
   document describes an abstract group communication API and core
   functions necessary for transparent operations.  Specific
   implementation guidelines with respect to operating systems or
   programming languages are out-of-scope of this document.

   In contrast to the standard multicast socket interface, the API
   introduced in this document abstracts naming and addressing.  Using a
   multicast address in the current socket API predefines the
   corresponding routing layer.  In this memo, the multicast address
   used for joining a group denotes an application layer data stream
   that is identified by a multicast URI and without an association to
   the underlying distribution technology.  Group name can be mapped to
   variable routing identifiers.

   The aim of this common API is twofold:

   o  Enable any application programmer to implement group-oriented data
      communication independent of the underlying delivery mechanisms.
      In particular, allow for a late binding of group applications to
      multicast technologies that makes applications efficient, but
      robust with respect to deployment aspects.

   o  Allow for a flexible namespace support in group addressing, and
      thereby separate naming and addressing/routing schemes from the
      application design.  This abstraction not only reduces the
      dependency on specific apects of underlying protocols, but may
      open application design to extend to specifically flavored group
      services.




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   Multicast technologies may be various P2P-based, IPv4 or IPv6 network
   layer multicast, or implemented by some other application service.
   Corresponding namespaces may be IP addresses, overlay hashes, other
   application layer group identifiers, e.g., <sip:*@peanuts.org>, or
   names defined by the applications.

   This document also proposes and discusses mapping mechanisms between
   different namespaces and forwarding technologies.  Additionally, the
   multicast API provides internal interfaces to access current
   multicast states at the host.  Multiple multicast protocols may run
   in parallel on a single host.  These protocols may interact to
   provide a gateway function that bridges data between different
   domains.  The application of this API at gateways operating between
   current multicast instances throughout the Internet is described, as
   well.


2.  Terminology

   This document uses the terminology as defined for the multicast
   protocols [RFC2710],[RFC3376],[RFC3810],[RFC4601],[RFC4604].  In
   addition, the following terms will be used.

   Group Address:  A Group Address is a routing identifier.  It
      represents a technological identifier and thus reflects the
      distribution technology in use.  Multicast packet forwarding is
      based on this ID.

   Group Name:  A Group Name is an application identifier that is used
      by applications to manage (e.g., join/leave and send/receive) a
      multicast group.  The Group Name does not imply any distribution
      technologies but represents a logical identifier.

   Multicast Namespace:  A Multicast Namespace is a collection of
      designators (i.e., names or addresses) for groups that share a
      common syntax.  Typical instances of namespaces are IPv4 or IPv6
      multicast addresses, overlay group ids, group names defined on the
      application layer (e.g., SIP or Email), or some human readable
      strings.

   Multicast Domain:  A Multicast Domain accommodates nodes and routers
      of a common, single multicast forwarding technology and is bound
      to a single namespace.

   Interface  An Interface is a forwarding instance of a distribution
      technology on a given node.  For example, the IP interface
      192.168.1.1 at an IPv4 host.




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   Inter-domain Multicast Gateway:  An Inter-domain Multicast Gateway
      (IMG) is an entity that interconnects different multicast domains.
      Its objective is to forward data between these domains, e.g.,
      between IP layer and overlay multicast.


3.  Overview

3.1.  Objectives and Reference Scenarios

   The default use case addressed in this memo targets at applications
   that participate in a group by using a common identifier taken from
   some common namespace.  Programmers should be able to transparently
   use this identifier in their program without the need to consider a
   deployment status in target domains.  Aided by gateways and, where
   available, by a node-specific multicast middleware, applications
   shall be enabled to establish group communication, even if resident
   in domains that are not connected by a common multicast service
   technology.

   This document covers the following two general scenarios:

   1.  Multicast domains running the same multicast technology but
       remaining isolated, possibly only connected by network layer
       unicast.

   2.  Multicast domains running different multicast technologies, but
       hosting nodes that are members of the same multicast group.























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                                        +-------+         +-------+
                                        | Member|         | Member|
                                        |  Foo  |         |   G   |
                                        +-------+         +-------+
                                              \            /
                                            ***  ***  ***  ***
                                           *   **   **   **   *
                                          *                    *
                                           *   MCast Tec A    *
                                          *                    *
                                           *   **   **   **   *
                                            ***  ***  ***  ***
   +-------+          +-------+                      |
   | Member|          | Member|                  +-------+
   |   G   |          |  Foo  |                  |  IMG  |
   +-------+          +-------+                  +-------+
       |                |                            |
       ***  ***  ***  ***                  ***  ***  ***  ***
      *   **   **   **   *                *   **   **   **   *
     *                    *  +-------+   *                    *
      *   MCast Tec A    * --|  IMG  |--  *   MCast Tec B    *    +-------+
     *                    *  +-------+   *                    * - | Member|
      *   **   **   **   *                *   **   **   **   *    |   G   |
       ***  ***  ***  ***                  ***  ***  ***  ***     +-------+


    Figure 1: Reference scenarios for hybrid multicast, interconnecting
    group members from isolated homogeneous and heterogeneous domains.

   It is assumed throughout the document that the domain composition, as
   well as the node attachement to a specific technology remain
   unchanged during a multicast session.

3.2.  Group Communication Stack & API

   Multicast applications may use a group communication stack to deliver
   and receive multicast data.  This group communication stack exhibits
   two tasks:

   o  It provides an extended API that supports a common multicast
      interface with namespace support.

   o  It bridges data between different multicast technologies.

   The group communication API consists of three parts: (1) Send/Receive
   Calls, (2) Socket Options, and (3) Service Calls. (1) provides a
   minimal API to initiate a multicast socket, send and receive
   multicast data in a technology-transparent fashion. (2) allows for



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   the configuration of the multicast socket, i.e., setting path length
   and associate interfaces explicitly. (3) returns internal multicast
   states per interface such as the multicast groups under subscription.

   The general procedure to initiate multicast communication is the
   following:

   1.  An application opens a multicast socket.

   2.  An application subscribes/leaves/sends to a logical group
       identifier.

   3.  A function maps the logical group ID (Group Name) to a technical
       group ID (Group Address).

   4.  The technical group ID is allocated or revised if already in use.

   The multicast socket describes a group communication channel composed
   of one or multiple interfaces.  A socket may be created without
   explicit interface association by the application, which leaves the
   choice of the underlying forwarding technology to the group
   communication stack.  However, an application may also bind the
   socket to one or multiple dedicated interfaces, which predefines the
   forwarding technology and the namespace(s) of the Group Address(es).

   Applications are not required to maintain states for Group Addresses.
   The group communication stack accounts for the mapping of the Group
   Name to the Group Address(es) and vice versa.  Multicast data passed
   to the application will be augmented by the corresponding Group Name.
   Multiple multicast subscriptions thus can be conducted on a single
   multicast socket without the need for Group Name encoding at the
   application side.

   Hosts may support several multicast protocols.  The group
   communication stack discovers available multicast-enabled
   communication interfaces.  It provides a minimal hybrid function that
   bridges data between different interfaces and multicast domains.
   Details of service discovery are out-of-scope of this document.

   The extended multicast functions can be implemented by a middleware,
   for example.










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   *-------*     *-------*
   | App 1 |     | App 2 |
   *-------*     *-------*
       |             |
   *---------------------*         ---|
   |   Middleware        |            |
   *---------------------*            |
        |          |                  |
   *---------*     |                  |
   | Overlay |     |                   \  Group Communication
   *---------*     |                   /  Stack
        |          |                  |
        |          |                  |
   *---------------------*            |
   |   Underlay          |            |
   *---------------------*         ---|

       Figure 2: The middleware covers underlay and overlay for the
                                application

3.3.  Mapping

   A mapping is required between a Group Name and the Group Address
   space, as well as between Group Addresses in different namespaces.

   Two (or more) identifiers in different namespaces may belong to

   a.  the same multicast channel (i.e., same technical ID).

   b.  different multicast channels (i.e., different technical IDs).

   This decision can be solved based on invertible mappings.  However,
   the application of such functions depends on the cardinality of the
   namespaces and thus does not hold in general.  A large identifier
   space (e.g., IPv6) cannot obviously be mapped to a smaller set (e.g.,
   IPv4).

   A mapping can be realized by embedding smaller in larger namespaces
   or selecting an arbitrary, unused ID in the target space.  The
   relation between logical and technical ID is stored based on a
   mapping service (e.g., DHT).  The middleware thus queries the mapping
   service first, and creates an new technical group ID only if there is
   no identifier available for the namespace in use.  The Group Name is
   associated with one or more Group Addresses, which belong to
   different namespaces.  Depending on the scope of the mapping service,
   it ensures a consistent use of the technical ID in a local or global
   domain.




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   All group members subscribe to the same Group Name within the same
   namespace.

3.4.  Naming and Addressing

   The Group Name is used by applications to identify groups.  It hides
   the deployed technology employed to distribute data.  In contrast to
   this, multicast forwarding operates on Group Addresses.  Although
   both identifiers may be identical in symbols, they carry different
   meaning.  They may also belong to different namespaces.  The
   namespace of the Group Address reflects the routing technology, and
   the namespace of the Group Name represents the context in which the
   application operates.

   A multicast socket (IPv4/v6 interface) can be used by multiple
   logical multicast IDs from different namespaces (IPv4-group address,
   IPv6-group address).  In practice, a library that implements the
   defined API would provide high-level data types to the application
   similar to the current socket API (e.g., InetAddress in Java).  Using
   this data type would implicitly determine the namespace.

   To reflect namespace specific treatment for applications, identifiers
   in API calls are represented by URIs.  An implementation of the API
   may provide convenience functions that detect the namespace of a
   Group Name (e.g., InetAddress instead of Inet6Address and
   Inet4Address).  Details of automatic identifcation is out-of-scope of
   this document.


4.  Hybrid Multicast API

4.1.  Abstract Data Types

   URI  is any kind of Group Address or Group Name that follows the
      syntax defined in Section 5.2.  For example, ipv4://224.1.2.3:5000
      and sip://news@cnn.com.

   Interface  denotes the interface and thus the layer and instance on
      which the corresponding call will be effective.  This may be
      unspecified to leave the decicision to the group communication
      stack.

   SocketHandle  references on an instance of a multicast socket.








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4.2.  Send/Receive Calls

   init(out SocketHandle h, [in enum Interface i]  This call initiates a
      multicast socket and provides the application programmer with a
      corresponding handle.  If no interfaces will be assigned based on
      the call, the default interface will be selected and associated
      with the socket.  The call may return an error code in the case of
      failures, e.g., due to a non-operational middleware.

   join(in SocketHandle h, in URI g, [in Interface i])  This operation
      initiates a group subscription.  Depending on the interfaces that
      are associated with the socket , this may result in an IGMP/MLD
      report or overlay subscriptions.

   leave(in SocketHandle h, in URI g, [in Interface i])  This operation
      results in an unsubscription for the given address.

   send(in SocketHandle h, in URI g, in Message msg)  This call passes
      multicast data for a Multicast Name g from the application to the
      multicast socket.

   receive(in SocketHandle h, out URI g, out Message msg)  This call
      passes multicast data and the corresponding Group Name g to the
      application.

4.3.  Socket Options

   getInterfaces(out enum Interface i)  This call returns a list of all
      available multicast communication interfaces at the current host.

   addInterface(in SocketHandle h, in Interface i)  This call adds a
      distribution channel to the socket.  This may be an overlay or
      underlay interface, e.g., IPv6 or DHT.  Multiple interfaces of the
      same technology may be associated with the socket.

   delInterface(in SocketHandle h, in Interface i)  This call removes an
      interface from the socket.

   setTTL(in SocketHandle h)  This function configures the maximum hop
      count for the socket h a multicast message is allowed to traverse.

4.4.  Service Calls

   groupSet(out enum URI g, in Interface i)  This operation returns all
      registered multicast groups.  The information can be provided by
      group management or routing protocols.  The return values
      distinguish between sender and listener states.




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   neighborSet(out enum URI g, in Interface i)  This function can be
      invoked to get the set of multicast routing neighbors.

   designatedHost(out Bool b, in URI g)  This function returns true, if
      the host has the role of a designated forwarder or querier.  Such
      an information is provided by almost all multicast protocols to
      handle packet duplication, if multiple multicast instances serve
      on the same subnet.

   updateListener(out URI g, in Interface i)  This upcall is invoked to
      inform a group service about a change of listener states for a
      group.  This is the result of receiver new subscriptions or
      leaves.  The group service may call groupSet to get updated
      information.


5.  Functional Details

   In this section, we describe the functional details of the API and
   the middleware.

   TODO

5.1.  Mapping

   Group Name to Group Address, SSM/ASM TODO

5.2.  URI Scheme

   Multicast Names and Multicast Addresses are described based on a URI
   scheme.  The scheme defines a subset of the URI specified in
   [RFC3986] and follows the guidelines in [RFC4395].

   The multicast URI is defined as follows:

      scheme "://" group "@" instantiation ":" port "/" sec-credentials

   The parts of the URI are defined as follows:

   scheme  referes to the specification of the assigned identifier
      [RFC3986].

   group  identifies the group.

   instantiation  identifies the entitiy that generates the instance of
      the group (e.g., a SIP domain or a source in SSM).





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   port  identifies a specific application at an instance of a group.

   sec-credentials  used to implement security credentials (e.g., to
      authorize a multicast group access).

   TODO


6.  IANA Considerations

   This document makes no request of IANA.


7.  Security Considerations

   This draft does neither introduce additional messages nor novel
   protocol operations.  TODO


8.  Acknowledgements

   We would like to thank the HAMcast-team (Dominik Charousset, Gabriel
   Hege, Fabian Holler, Alexander Knauf, Sebastian Meiling, and
   Sebastian Woelke) at the HAW Hamburg for fruitful discussions.

   This work is partially supported by the German Federal Ministry of
   Education and Research within the HAMcast project, which is part of
   G-Lab.


9.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-mboned-auto-multicast]
              Thaler, D., Talwar, M., Aggarwal, A., Vicisano, L., and T.
              Pusateri, "Automatic IP Multicast Without Explicit Tunnels
              (AMT)", draft-ietf-mboned-auto-multicast-10 (work in
              progress), March 2010.

   [RFC1075]  Waitzman, D., Partridge, C., and S. Deering, "Distance
              Vector Multicast Routing Protocol", RFC 1075,
              November 1988.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [RFC2710]  Deering, S., Fenner, W., and B. Haberman, "Multicast
              Listener Discovery (MLD) for IPv6", RFC 2710,
              October 1999.



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   [RFC3376]  Cain, B., Deering, S., Kouvelas, I., Fenner, B., and A.
              Thyagarajan, "Internet Group Management Protocol, Version
              3", RFC 3376, October 2002.

   [RFC3493]  Gilligan, R., Thomson, S., Bound, J., McCann, J., and W.
              Stevens, "Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6",
              RFC 3493, February 2003.

   [RFC3678]  Thaler, D., Fenner, B., and B. Quinn, "Socket Interface
              Extensions for Multicast Source Filters", RFC 3678,
              January 2004.

   [RFC3810]  Vida, R. and L. Costa, "Multicast Listener Discovery
              Version 2 (MLDv2) for IPv6", RFC 3810, June 2004.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, January 2005.

   [RFC4395]  Hansen, T., Hardie, T., and L. Masinter, "Guidelines and
              Registration Procedures for New URI Schemes", BCP 35,
              RFC 4395, February 2006.

   [RFC4601]  Fenner, B., Handley, M., Holbrook, H., and I. Kouvelas,
              "Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM):
              Protocol Specification (Revised)", RFC 4601, August 2006.

   [RFC4604]  Holbrook, H., Cain, B., and B. Haberman, "Using Internet
              Group Management Protocol Version 3 (IGMPv3) and Multicast
              Listener Discovery Protocol Version 2 (MLDv2) for Source-
              Specific Multicast", RFC 4604, August 2006.

   [RFC5015]  Handley, M., Kouvelas, I., Speakman, T., and L. Vicisano,
              "Bidirectional Protocol Independent Multicast (BIDIR-
              PIM)", RFC 5015, October 2007.


Appendix A.  Practical Example of the API













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     -- Application above middleware:

     //Initialize multicast socket; the middleware selects all available
     //interfaces
     MulticastSocket m = new MulticastSocket();

     URI mcAddressv4 = new URI("ipv4://224.1.2.3:5000");
     m.join(mcAddressv4);

     URI mcAddressv6 = new URI("ipv6://[FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:3]:6000");
     m.join(mcAddressv6)

     URI mcAddressSIP = new URI("sip://news@cnn.com");
     m.join(mcAddressSIP)

     -- Middleware:

     join(URI mcAddress) {
       //Select interfaces in use
       for all this.interfaces {
         switch (interface.type) {
           case "ipv6":
             //... map logical ID to routing address
             Inet6Address rtAddressIPv6 = new Inet6Address()
             mapNametoAddress(mcAddress,rtAddressIPv6)
             interface.join(rtAddressIPv6)
           case "ipv4":
             //... map logical ID to routing address
             Inet4Address rtAddressIPv4 = new Inet4Address()
             mapNametoAddress(mcAddress,rtAddressIPv4)
             interface.join(rtAddressIPv4)
           case "sip":
             //... map logical ID to routing address
             SIPAddress rtAddressSIP = new SIPAddress()
             mapNametoAddress(mcAddress,rtAddressSIP)
             interface.join(rtAddressSIP)
           case "dht":
             //... map logical ID to routing address
             DHTAddress rtAddressDHT = new DHTAddress()
             mapNametoAddress(mcAddress,rtAddressDHT)
             interface.join(rtAddressDHT)
            //...
         }
       }
     }






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Appendix B.  Deployment Use Cases for Hybrid Multicast

   This section describes the application of the defined API to
   implement an IMG.

B.1.  DVMRP

   The following procedure describes a transparent mapping of a DVMRP-
   based any source multicast service to another many-to-many multicast
   technology.

   An arbitrary DVMRP [RFC1075] router will not be informed about new
   receivers, but will learn about new sources immediately.  The concept
   of DVMRP does not provide any central multicast instance.  Thus, the
   IMG can be placed anywhere inside the multicast region, but requires
   a DVMRP neighbor connectivity.  The group communication stack used by
   the IMG is enhanced by a DVMRP implementation.  New sources in the
   underlay will be advertised based on the DVMRP flooding mechanism and
   received by the IMG.  Based on this the updateSender() call is
   triggered.  The relay agent initiates a corresponding join in the
   native network and forwards the received source data towards the
   overlay routing protocol.  Depending on the group states, the data
   will be distributed to overlay peers.

   DVMRP establishes source specific multicast trees.  Therefore, a
   graft message is only visible for DVMRP routers on the path from the
   new receiver subnet to the source, but in general not for an IMG.  To
   overcome this problem, data of multicast senders will be flooded in
   the overlay as well as in the underlay.  Hence, an IMG has to
   initiate an all-group join to the overlay using the namespace
   extension of the API.  Each IMG is initially required to forward the
   received overlay data to the underlay, independent of native
   multicast receivers.  Subsequent prunes may limit unwanted data
   distribution thereafter.

B.2.  PIM-SM

   The following procedure describes a transparent mapping of a PIM-SM-
   based any source multicast service to another many-to-many multicast
   technology.

   The Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) [RFC4601]
   establishes rendezvous points (RP).  These entities receive listener
   and source subscriptions of a domain.  To be continuously updated, an
   IMG has to be co-located with a RP.  Whenever PIM register messages
   are received, the IMG must signal internally a new multicast source
   using updateSender().  Subsequently, the IMG joins the group and a
   shared tree between the RP and the sources will be established, which



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   may change to a source specific tree after a sufficient number of
   data has been delivered.  Source traffic will be forwarded to the RP
   based on the IMG join, even if there are no further receivers in the
   native multicast domain.  Designated routers of a PIM-domain send
   receiver subscriptions towards the PIM-SM RP.  The reception of such
   messages invokes the updateListener() call at the IMG, which
   initiates a join towards the overlay routing protocol.  Overlay
   multicast data arriving at the IMG will then transparently be
   forwarded in the underlay network and distributed through the RP
   instance.

B.3.  PIM-SSM

   The following procedure describes a transparent mapping of a PIM-SSM-
   based source specific multicast service to another one-to-many
   multicast technology.

   PIM Source Specific Multicast (PIM-SSM) is defined as part of PIM-SM
   and admits source specific joins (S,G) according to the source
   specific host group model [RFC4604].  A multicast distribution tree
   can be established without the assistance of a rendezvous point.

   Sources are not advertised within a PIM-SSM domain.  Consequently, an
   IMG cannot anticipate the local join inside a sender domain and
   deliver a priori the multicast data to the overlay instance.  If an
   IMG of a receiver domain initiates a group subscription via the
   overlay routing protocol, relaying multicast data fails, as data are
   not available at the overlay instance.  The IMG instance of the
   receiver domain, thus, has to locate the IMG instance of the source
   domain to trigger the corresponding join.  In the sense of PIM-SSM,
   the signaling should not be flooded in underlay and overlay.

   One solution could be to intercept the subscription at both, source
   and receiver sites: To monitor multicast receiver subscriptions
   (updateListener()) in the underlay, the IMG is placed on path towards
   the source, e.g., at a domain border router.  This router intercepts
   join messages and extracts the unicast source address S, initializing
   an IMG specific join to S via regular unicast.  Multicast data
   arriving at the IMG of the sender domain can be distributed via the
   overlay.  Discovering the IMG of a multicast sender domain may be
   implemented analogously to AMT [I-D.ietf-mboned-auto-multicast] by
   anycast.  Consequently, the source address S of the group (S,G)
   should be built based on an anycast prefix.  The corresponding IMG
   anycast address for a source domain is then derived from the prefix
   of S.






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B.4.  BIDIR-PIM

   The following procedure describes a transparent mapping of a BIDIR-
   PIM-based any source multicast service to another many-to-many
   multicast technology.

   Bidirectional PIM [RFC5015] is a variant of PIM-SM.  In contrast to
   PIM-SM, the protocol pre-establishes bidirectional shared trees per
   group, connecting multicast sources and receivers.  The rendezvous
   points are virtualized in BIDIR-PIM as an address to identify on-tree
   directions (up and down).  However, routers with the best link
   towards the (virtualized) rendezvous point address are selected as
   designated forwarders for a link-local domain and represent the
   actual distribution tree.  The IMG is to be placed at the RP-link,
   where the rendezvous point address is located.  As source data in
   either cases will be transmitted to the rendezvous point address, the
   BIDIR-PIM instance of the IMG receives the data and can internally
   signal new senders towards the stack via updateSender().  The first
   receiver subscription for a new group within a BIDIR-PIM domain needs
   to be transmitted to the RP to establish the first branching point.
   Using the updateListener() invocation, an IMG will thereby be
   informed about group requests from its domain, which are then
   delegated to the overlay.


Appendix C.  Change Log

   Changes since draft-waehlisch-sam-common-api-01

   1.  TODO


Authors' Addresses

   Matthias Waehlisch
   link-lab & FU Berlin
   Hoenower Str. 35
   Berlin  10318
   Germany

   Email: mw@link-lab.net
   URI:   http://www.inf.fu-berlin.de/~waehl









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   Thomas C. Schmidt
   HAW Hamburg
   Berliner Tor 7
   Hamburg  20099
   Germany

   Email: schmidt@informatik.haw-hamburg.de
   URI:   http://inet.cpt.haw-hamburg.de/members/schmidt


   Stig Venaas
   cisco Systems
   Tasman Drive
   San Jose, CA  95134
   USA

   Email: stig@cisco.com


































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